This post is a partial summary of the preceding post which contains
links for some of the information.
The white person's continent is Europe, not American.
North America has been a melting pot since the Spanish arrived 500
years ago with African slaves whom they sometimes mated with.
The first documented marriage of an African to a North American
occurred in Florida in 1525.
In British North America the "melting pot" began a century later at
Jamestown. The small populations in the early Virginia
communities meant that people often had to marry across the black,
white and red color lines. The 1636 marriage of an African man
named John Punch to a white woman [who was probably an Irish
indentured servant] was not the first such union, but it is one
whose descendants have been traced to the 20th Century.
Diplomat Dr. Ralph Bunche was one of the dark-complexioned
descendants. A Kansas woman named Stanley Ann Dunham [the
mother of President Barack Obama]
was one of the white descendants. Dunham
like the vast majority of Americans with African
ancestry didn't know she had an African ancestor.
Later the introduction of permanent slavery included two laws which
initially accelerated the mixing of African and European
DNA. A child's status as slave or free was determined by
the mother's status as slave [including indentured servants] or
free. If the child was black it would be a permanent
slave. White children would be indentured
servants. Some slave owners increased the number of
permanent slaves by requiring white female indentured servants
to mate with black males.
Subsequent laws prohibiting sex across the color line were generally
ignored if the woman was black. The primary purpose of such
laws was to prevent free white women from having black babies who
wouldn't be slaves.
By 1776 some of the descendants of such "mixed" marriages were able
to pass for white especially if they moved to a new location and
changed their names. Some claimed they had North American or
Mediterranean ancestry. The presence of the albino gene in the
African genome could have helped some become white.
Most probably didn't tell their children about their
ancestry.
During the slavery era some slave owners, including President Thomas
Jefferson and his father in law, had slave "wives" called
"concubines. Jefferson's concubine, Sally Hemmings was
described as white with long straight hair. The children
of Jefferson's concubine were eventually freed, left Virginia
and passed for white.
As the southern urban population began increasing in the early 19th
Century, some slave owners bred light skinned women
[fancy slaves] for the sex trade. The end of slavery
allowed some of these women along with other light skinned former
slaves to pass for white. Prostitution provided an
economic opportunity for young black women with a resulting increase
in light skinned children who could eventually pass for white.
Many whites who checked their ancestry after the broadcast of Alex
Haley's "Roots" were surprised to find that an ancestor who had
served in the military had the letter "c" after his name for
"colored".
Barack Obama was the first dark complexion president, but he wasn't
the first president to acknowledge African ancestry.
President Warren G.Harding said one of his ancestors might have
"jumped the fence". There is speculation that five other
presidents might have had African ancestry: Thomas Jefferson,
Andrew Jackson Abraham Lincoln, Calvin Coolidge, and Dwight
Eisenhower. It would be difficult to prove or disprove such
claims.
Most parents with North American ancestry probably did
not pass along the information.
Most of us who consider ourselves white who have some
ancestors who arrived five or more generations probably have
at least one ancestor who was North American or African. At
five generations in the past you can have 32 different
ancestors. I know I have a North American ancestor and suspect
I have an African ancestor.
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